Africa is a continent renowned for its rich biodiversity, and its snake fauna is no exception. There are thought to be around 170 species found across the continent. With a multitude of habitats ranging from dense rainforests to expansive deserts, Africa is able to support all of these snake species. Here we are going to have a look at African snakes, uncovering their unique adaptations, ecological roles, and cultural significance.
The Venomous Snakes
Looking at venom, we must remember that venom and poison are different. Vermont is a protein and needs to be pumped into the blood stream, where poison needs to be ingested. That’s why it is incorrect to say a snake, spider, or scorpion is poisonous. Certain mushrooms, frogs, insects, and plants are poisonous. They can be handled, but not eaten.
Among the most iconic and feared snakes of Africa are the venomous giants such as the Puff Adder (Bitis arietans) and the Cobra species. These snakes wield potent venom and possess impressive defensive mechanisms.
Puff adders are incredibly well camouflaged, so rather than retreating like other snakes do, they keep still and rely on not being seen. They are accidentally trodden on because of this, and they are responsible for a large percentage of snake bites in Africa. They are found throughout most of the continent, with puff adders changing colour formations depending on their environment. Many different cobra species are found, again with each individual species adapting to the area they inhabit.
The cobra species are well known for their display, splaying a hood, and raising the head if they feel threatened. Some cobra species also have the ability to shoot their venom at a threat’s eyes. They manage this by having fangs that have holes placed on the front of the fang, right at the bottom. They use their strong venom glands to pump quickly into the hollow fang, and in doing so, they spray the venom.
The Black Mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis), known for its speed and deadly neurotoxic venom, is one of Africa’s most notorious snakes. Most people think that these snakes get their name from the colour of their scales, like the Green Mamba (Dendroaspis angusticeps), but this is not the case. Rather, they get the name from the black coloration inside the mouth. This is displayed by an angry snake as a show of aggression. Black mambas are incredibly strong and can lift two-thirds of their body off the ground, supported by the remaining third. Contrary to belief, they cannot outrun a horse but are incredibly quick for a snake and can reach speeds of about 16 kilometres (10 miles) over a short distance.
Most people are petrified of these snakes, and rightly so; they can be dangerous if cornered or trapped. These snakes do not go out of their way to find and bite people, and they are not often encountered on a safari. Despite their bad reputation, these snakes play crucial roles in maintaining ecological balance by controlling rodent populations.
Masters of camouflage
Africa is home to numerous snake species adept at camouflage, blending seamlessly into their surroundings. The Gaboon Viper (Bitis gabonica) is a prime example, with its intricate patterns resembling fallen leaves. They find a comfortable spot on the forest floor and wait for their unsuspecting prey to approach them. The Horned-adder (Bitis caudalis) will even dig itself into the desert sands, just leaving the top of its head exposed.
The Rhombic Egg-Eater (Dasypeltis scabra) is a harmless snake that specialises in consuming bird eggs. Its slender body and cryptic coloration allow it to approach nests undetected. This species also mimics the scale coloration of a night adder (Bitis atropos). The Night Adder is venomous, so the egg-eater tricks, looking like the adder, are avoided by other animals.
Camouflaged snakes demonstrate the power of adaptation, enabling them to evade predators and ambush prey with precision.
Constrictor
These are snakes that do not rely on venom to catch their prey, but rather they catch their prey and use incredibly strong muscles to constrict it. By squeezing their prey tightly, the snake pinches veins and arteries, stopping blood flow throughout the body. Along with this, they put pressure on the lungs, not allowing the animal to take in much-needed oxygen.
The largest and most well-known of Africa’s constrictors is the Rock Python (Python natalensis). This aggressive python can reach lengths of 5m (16.4 feet), and large females can weigh 80 kg (175 pounds). These larger snakes are capable of taking antelope to the size of impala rams. There are smaller species of constrictors as well, like Brown House snakes (Lamprophis capensis), that specialise in rodents and lizards.
The Tree Climbers
The lush forests of Africa provide a haven for arboreal snakes, including the boomslang (Dispholidus typus) and vine snake (Thelotornis capensis). These snakes possess prehensile tails and excellent climbing abilities. They are both slender species known for their cryptic coloration and arboreal lifestyles. Most arboreal species are equipped with large eyes and impeccable eye sites. They use this to sort out their prey, including birds and well-camouflaged lizards and chameleons. These snakes also rely on camouflage, using it to ambush or surprise their prey.
Cultural Significance
Snakes have long held cultural significance in African societies, often symbolising fertility, rebirth, and healing. In many African cultures, snakes are revered as powerful spiritual beings. The Egyptian cobra (Naja haje), for example, as depicted in ancient Egyptian art, was associated with royalty and protection. Its image adorned the crowns of pharaohs, reflecting its sacred status.
Despite cultural perceptions, snakes face numerous threats, including habitat loss and persecution. Education is again key in teaching the youth of today to respect and look after these animals.
Conclusion
Africa’s snakes represent a captivating blend of biology, ecology, and cultural heritage. From the venomous giants to the masters of camouflage, these serpents embody the continent’s rich biodiversity and serve as vital components of its ecosystems. As we continue to explore and conserve Africa’s natural wonders, let us appreciate the beauty and ecological importance of its diverse snake fauna.
